Agilent Technologies 54503A Guia do Utilizador Página 125
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Chapter 2 125
Making Measurements
Example 10: Power Measurement Functions
Example 10: Power Measurement Functions
What are the Power Measurement Functions?
The spectrum analyzer can make several different types of power
measurements on complex communication signals. These are in
addition to the adjacent channel power measurements discussed in
Example 9. These measurements are available as built-in functions in
the spectrum analyzer
MEAS/USER menu. These measurements include
the following:
• The occupied bandwidth of a modulated signal is the bandwidth that
contains the specified (usually 99.00%) portion of the total
transmitted power.
• The channel power within a frequency range, such as a
communications channel, is a calculation of the total power of the
signal from its spectrum.
• The carrier power of a burst communications signal can be computed
while the burst is on and the carrier leakage can be computed while
the burst is off. The measurement is made in zero span with a wide
resolution bandwidth (compared to the modulation, when on).
Using Power Measurement Functions
RMS Detection
For most power measurements, it is desireable to respond to signals in
an RMS fasion. This means that the power measured is accurately
reported, whether the signal contains tones, noise, or other signals. If
the spectrum analyzer is not configured for RMS detection (also known
as power detection), CW-like signals (tones) will be measured correctly,
but noise-like signals (including most digitally-modulated signals) will
not be correctly measured.
The power measurement functions compute the RMS of all the
applicable measurement cells (display buckets). If the data in those
cells is unbiased, RMS detection occurs. To keep the data unbiased
requires:
• The detection mode must be SAMPLE. Other modes, such as
POSitive PEAK, are biased differently for noise-like signals than for
CW-like signals.
• The video bandwidth (VBW) should be at least 10 times the
resolution bandwidth (RBW). If it is not, video filtering of a
noise-like signal on a logarithmic (dB) display scale biases the
measurement.
- User’s Guide 1
- Certification 2
- General Safety Considerations 2
- Warranty 4
- LIMITATION OF WARRANTY 4
- EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES 4
- Contents 10
- Quick Start Guide 21
- How to Use This Guide 22
- E-Series Spectrum Analyzers 23
- Initial Inspection 25
- Chapter 1 27 27
- First Time 28
- Chapter 1 29 29
- LINE to turn the analyzer on 29
- Making a Basic Measurement 30
- Chapter 1 33 33
- Reference Level Calibration 35
- Front Panel Overview 36
- Chapter 1 37 37
- Table 1-2 38
- Display Annotation 39
- S = Single-sweep mode 40
- Rear Panel Overview 41
- Assistance 44
- 46 Chapter1 46
- Manuals Available Separately 47
- 48 Chapter1 48
- (with Resolution Bandwidth) 51
- 52 Chapter2 52
- Unequal Amplitude 53
- 54 Chapter2 54
- Chapter 2 55 55
- Measurements with Ampcor 56
- Chapter 2 57 57
- Ampcor Limitations 59
- Example 3: Modulation 60
- Chapter 2 61 61
- ------------------------= 62
- Chapter 2 65 65
- 66 Chapter2 66
- What Is Harmonic Distortion? 67
- Procedure A 67
- Chapter 2 69 69
- 70 Chapter2 70
- NEXT PK RIGHT again 70
- PEAK EXCURSN 70
- Procedure B 72
- 74 Chapter2 74
- AMPLITUDE, MORE 1 OF 3 74
- Distortion 75
- 80 Chapter2 80
- SAVE, SAVE STATE 80
- Chapter 2 81 81
- 84 Chapter2 84
- Chapter 2 85 85
- Chapter 2 87 87
- 90 Chapter2 90
- 94 Chapter2 94
- RANGE LVL 94
- Chapter 2 97 97
- (Unpreselected) 98
- 104 Chapter2 104
- Making Measurements 104
- 106 Chapter2 106
- Chapter 2 107 107
- Measurement 108
- Chapter 2 109 109
- ACP Analog Method Definition 113
- Chapter 2 115 115
- 116 Chapter2 116
- Chapter 2 117 117
- 118 Chapter2 118
- RCR-27B Standard 120
- RCR-28 Standard 121
- IS-54 Standard 122
- Chapter 2 123 123
- 124 Chapter2 124
- Chapter 2 125 125
- 126 Chapter2 126
- Chapter 2 127 127
- What Is Time-Gating? 129
- 130 Chapter2 130
- How Time-Gating Works 131
- 132 Chapter2 132
- Chapter 2 133 133
- 134 Chapter2 134
- Chapter 2 135 135
- Correction 10db log 136
- RF-Pulse Train 137
- Instrument Connections 139
- Measurement Results 139
- 140 Chapter2 140
- Triggering 141
- 142 Chapter2 142
- Chapter 2 143 143
- Chapter 2 145 145
- 146 Chapter2 146
- Chapter 2 147 147
- 148 Chapter2 148
- Chapter 2 149 149
- Chapter 2 151 151
- Measurements with Sweep Delay 154
- Chapter 2 155 155
- 156 Chapter2 156
- What Is Pulsed RF? 158
- Chapter 2 159 159
- 160 Chapter2 160
- 164 Chapter2 164
- Softkey Menus 165
- Menu Trees 166
- Chapter 3 167 167
- 168 Chapter3 168
- Chapter 3 169 169
- Figure 3-6 BW Key Menu 170
- Figure 3-7 CAL Key Menu Tree 171
- 172 Chapter3 172
- Figure 3-9 COPY Key 173
- Figure 3-13 HOLD Key 174
- Chapter 3 175 175
- Figure 3-16 MKR Key Menu 176
- Figure 3-17 MKR-> Key Menu 177
- Figure 3-18 MODULE Key Menus 177
- Figure 3-20 PRESET Key 178
- Chapter 3 179 179
- Figure 3-23 SGL SWP Key 180
- Figure 3-24 SPAN Key Menu 180
- Figure 3-27 TRIG Key Menu 181
- 182 Chapter3 182
- Key Function Descriptions 183
- Key Function Tables 184
- SWP CPL SR SA AUX CTRL 196
- Table 4-3 Marker Functions 197
- Table 4-4 Control Functions 199
- Key Descriptions 204
- 208 Chapter4 208
- 210 Chapter4 210
- MEAS/USER 210
- Chapter 4 213 213
- S Single-sweep mode 217
- 228 Chapter4 228
- (E-series only) 229
- Detector 232
- 250 Chapter4 250
- Chapter 4 251 251
- capability of the tracking 280
- 288
- Programming 289
- Programming Features 290
- Chapter 5 291 291
- 292 Chapter5 292
- Communication with the System 293
- 294 Chapter5 294
- Chapter 5 295 295
- 296 Chapter5 296
- Chapter 5 297 297
- Program Timing 298
- Initialize analyzer 299
- Change measurement 299
- Measure with trace A 300
- 302 Chapter5 302
- Data Transfer to Computer 303
- Chapter 5 305 305
- Trace-Data Formatting 306
- XAMPLE 4 307
- XAMPLE 5 308
- Chapter 5 309 309
- XAMPLE 6 310
- XAMPLE 7 311
- XAMPLE 8 312
- XAMPLE 9 313
- XAMPLE 10 314
- XAMPLE 11 314
- Input and Output Buffers 316
- Buffer Space 317
- Preventing Timeouts 317
- Synchronizing Your Program 318
- Clearing the Buffers 318
- Math Functions 319
- Adding and Subtracting in dBm 320
- Use AMBPL to Correct Data 320
- XAMPLE 1 321
- Trace Data Limits 322
- Figure 5-10 Display Units 323
- Creating Screen Titles 324
- No-Format Method 325
- Format Methods 325
- Plotter Requirements 327
- Making a Basic Plot 328
- XAMPLE 2 329
- Plotting Options 330
- Printer Requirements 330
- Making a Basic Print 331
- Monitoring System Operation 332
- Chapter 5 333 333
- Selects bit 5 and 4 334
- (32+16) to enable 334
- Also selects bits 5 334
- Reading Service Request Data 336
- XAMPLE 3 337
- Programming Command Cross 339
- Reference 339
- Features 340
- 352 Chapter6 352
- Chapter 6 353 353
- 354 Chapter6 354
- Chapter 6 355 355
- 356 Chapter6 356
- Chapter 6 357 357
- 358 Chapter6 358
- Chapter 6 359 359
- 360 Chapter6 360
- Chapter 6 361 361
- Commands 362
- Mass Memory Module Commands 365
- Language Reference 369
- Language Reference Features 370
- Syntax Diagram Conventions 371
- Query Responses 372
- Table 7-1 Syntax Elements 373
- Programming Commands 377
- Query Response 379
- Weighting 380
- Alternate Channels 381
- Description 382
- Parameters 382
- Bandwidth 384
- 386 Chapter7 386
- Frequency Weighting 387
- Preset State 388
- • channel spacing (ACPSP) 393
- • channel bandwidth (ACPBW) 393
- Measurement Method 394
- Chapter 7 395 395
- Measurement State 397
- ADJALL LO and IF Adjustments 407
- ADJCRT Adjust CRT Alignment 408
- ADJIF Adjust IF 410
- AMB Trace A Minus Trace B 412
- AMPCOR Amplitude Correction 416
- Array Size 419
- ANNOT Annotation On/Off 422
- APB Trace A Plus Trace B 423
- AT Input Attenuation 424
- AUTOCPL Auto Coupled 428
- AXB Trace A Exchange Trace B 429
- BLANK Blank Trace 430
- CARROFF Carrier Off Power 432
- CARRON Carrier On Power 433
- CF Center Frequency 434
- CHANPWR Channel Power 436
- CHANNEL Channel Selection 438
- CLRW Clear Write 440
- CNVLOSS Conversion Loss 441
- CONTS Continuous Sweep 443
- COUPLE Input Coupling 444
- Within Delta Marker 445
- DEMOD Demodulation 447
- DEMODT Demodulation Time 451
- DET Detection Modes 453
- DL Display Line 455
- DLYSWP Delay Sweep 457
- Sets the sweep delay to 10 458
- DONE Done 459
- ERR Error 460
- ET Elapsed Time 462
- EXTMXR External Mixer Mode 463
- FA Start Frequency 464
- FB Stop Frequency 466
- FDIAG Frequency Diagnostics 468
- FDSP Frequency Display Off 470
- FFT Fast Fourier Transform 472
- FOFFSET Frequency Offset 475
- FREF Frequency Reference 477
- FS Full Span 478
- FULBAND Full Band 479
- ≤920528 or with Option 008 480
- GATE Gate 481
- Turns on the gating 482
- GATECTL Gate Control 483
- Sets the gate delay to 20 484
- Sets the gate length to 15 485
- GP Gate Polarity 486
- GRAT Graticule On/Off 487
- HNLOCK Harmonic Number Lock 489
- HNUNLK Unlock Harmonic Number 491
- ID Output Identification 492
- Frequency 493
- IP Instrument Preset 495
- LG Logarithmic Scale 498
- LN Linear Scale 500
- MBIAS Mixer Bias 501
- MEAS Measurement Status 505
- MINH Minimum Hold 506
- MKA Marker Amplitude 507
- MKBW Marker Bandwidth 508
- MKD Marker Delta 511
- Power Bandwidth 513
- Parameter 514
- MKF Marker Frequency 516
- MKFC Frequency Counter 518
- MKMIN Marker to Minimum 522
- MKN Marker Normal 523
- MKNOISE Marker Noise 525
- MKOFF Marker Off 527
- MKPK Peak Search 528
- MKPT Marker Threshold 530
- MKPX Peak Excursion 532
- MKSP Marker Delta to Span 536
- MKT Marker Time 538
- MKTRACK Signal Track 539
- ML Mixer Level 541
- MXMH Maximum Hold 543
- MXRMODE Mixer Mode 544
- NORMLIZE Normalize Trace Data 545
- OP Output Display Parameters 553
- PLOT Plot Display 554
- PLOTORG Display Origins 556
- PLOTSRC Plot Source 558
- PP Preselector Peak 560
- PRINT Print 561
- PSDAC Preselector DAC Number 563
- PSTATE Protect State 565
- RB Resolution Bandwidth 569
- RCLS Recall State 575
- RCLT Recall Trace 576
- RCLTHRU Recall Thru 577
- REV Revision Number 579
- RL Reference/Range Level 580
- Attenuation) 581
- SAVES Save State 589
- SAVET Save Trace 590
- SER Serial Number 591
- SIGID Signal Identification 592
- SNGLS Single Sweep 594
- SP Frequency Span 595
- SQUELCH Squelch 597
- SRCFINTK Fine Tracking Adjust 602
- SRCPOFS Source Power Offset 604
- SRCPSTP Source Power Step 606
- SRCPSWP Source Power Sweep 608
- SRCPWR Source Power 610
- SRCTKPK Source Tracking Peak 612
- SRQ Service Request 613
- SS Center Frequency Step-Size 614
- ST Sweep Time 616
- STB Status Byte Query 618
- STOREOPEN Store Open 620
- STORESHORT Store Short 622
- STORETHRU Store Thru 624
- SWPCPL Sweep Couple 626
- SWPOUT Sweep Output 628
- TDF Trace Data Format 630
- TH Threshold 632
- TITLE Title Entry 634
- Displays "This is a 635
- TM Trigger Mode 636
- TRIGPOL Trigger Polarity 641
- TS Take Sweep 642
- TWNDOW Trace Window 643
- VAVG Video Average 645
- VB Video Bandwidth 647
- Bandwidth Ratio 649
- VIEW View Trace 651
- VTL Video Trigger Level 652
- 654 Chapter7 654
- Options and Accessories 655
- 656 Chapter8 656
- Chapter 8 657 657
- 658 Chapter8 658
- Accessories Available 659
- 660 Chapter8 660
- Chapter 8 661 661
- 662 Chapter8 662
- Chapter 8 663 663
- 664 Chapter8 664
- If You Have a Problem 665
- Read the Warranty 666
- Spectrum Analyzer Problems 667
- Hardware Problems 668
- 670 Chapter9 670
- Replacing the Battery 671
- Power Requirements 672
- Checking the Fuse 673
- Power Cable 673
- 674 Chapter9 674
- Procedures 675
- GPIB Address Selection 676
- 678 Chapter9 678
- Chapter 9 679 679
- Original Packaging 680
- Other Packaging 682
- Serial Numbers 684
- Electrostatic Discharge 685
- Static-Safe Accessories 686
- Error Messages 688
- Eliminating Error Messages 689
- Realigning the LO and IF 689
- Error Code Listing 690
- Chapter 9 691 691
- 692 Chapter9 692
- Chapter 9 693 693
- 694 Chapter9 694
- Chapter 9 695 695
- 696 Chapter9 696
- Chapter 9 697 697
- 698 Chapter9 698
- Chapter 9 699 699
- 700 Chapter9 700
- Chapter 9 701 701
- 702 Chapter9 702
- Chapter 9 703 703
- 704 Chapter9 704
- Chapter 9 705 705
- 706 Chapter9 706
- Index 707 707
- 708 Index 708
- Index 709 709
- 710 Index 710
- Index 711 711
- 712 Index 712
- Index 713 713
- 714 Index 714
- Index 715 715
- 716 Index 716
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